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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the dog breed. For the pickled relish, see <a href="Chow-chow_(food)" title="Chow-chow (food)">Chow-chow (food)</a>. For the Chinese warlord, see <a href="Cao_Cao" title="Cao Cao">Cao Cao</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="infobox biota"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="background-color:#d3d3a4; color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Chow Chow</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption">Chow Chow</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap">Other names</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Chow</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Origin</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="China" title="China">China</a></td></tr><tr style="padding:0;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><table class="infobox-subbox infobox-3cols-child infobox-table collapsible"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#d3d3a4; color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Traits</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Height</th><td colspan="3" class="infobox-data">

17 to 22 inches (43 to 56 cm)<sup id="cite_ref-Wilcox1999_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilcox1999-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4–5">: 4–5 </span></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Weight</th><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-a">

Males</td><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-b">

40–90 lb (18–41 kg)<sup id="cite_ref-Wilcox1999_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilcox1999-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-a">

Females</td><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-b">

35–85 lb (16–39 kg)<sup id="cite_ref-Wilcox1999_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilcox1999-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coat</th><td colspan="3" class="infobox-data">

Thick and coarse</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Colour</th><td colspan="3" class="infobox-data">

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<ul><li>Red (light gold to deep red-brown)</li>

<li>Cinnamon (light tan to brown)</li>

<li>Black</li>

<li>Cream</li>

<li>white or ivory</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Litter size</th><td colspan="3" class="infobox-data">

4–7</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="padding:0;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><table class="infobox-subbox infobox-3cols-child infobox-table collapsible"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#d3d3a4; color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Kennel club standards</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="China_Kennel_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="China Kennel Union">China Kennel Union</a></th><td colspan="3" class="infobox-data">

<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cku.org.cn/breed/dog/205">standard</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Cynologique_Internationale" title="Fédération Cynologique Internationale">Fédération Cynologique Internationale</a></th><td colspan="3" class="infobox-data">

<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fci.be/Nomenclature/Standards/205g05-en.pdf">standard</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="background-color: #d3d3a4; color:inherit;"><span class="vernacular">Dog</span> (<span class="trinominal"><a href="Domestic_dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic dog">domestic dog</a></span>)</td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>The <b>Chow Chow</b> is a <a href="Spitz" title="Spitz">spitz</a>-type of <a href="Dog_breed" title="Dog breed">dog breed</a> originally from <a href="North_China" title="North China">Northern China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chow Chow is a sturdily built dog, square in profile, with a broad skull and small, triangular, erect ears with rounded tips. The breed is known for a very dense <a href="Double_coat" class="mw-redirect" title="Double coat">double coat</a> that is either smooth or rough.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilcox1999_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilcox1999-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4–5">: 4–5 </span></sup> The fur is particularly thick in the neck area, giving it a distinctive <a href="Ruff_(clothing)" title="Ruff (clothing)">ruff</a> or mane appearance. The coat may be shaded/self-red, black, blue, cinnamon/fawn, or cream.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilcox1999_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilcox1999-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4–5">: 4–5 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Colours_and_coat_types_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colours_and_coat_types-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>The Chow Chow has been identified as a <a href="Dog_breed#Basal_breeds" title="Dog breed">basal breed</a> that predates the emergence of the modern breeds in the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A research study has concluded that the Chow Chow dog breed originated from other indigenous dogs in central China about 8,300 years ago. The ancient breed evolved and manifests both morphological and physiological features, including its dark tongue, coat of fur, and stronger build.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>One Chinese legend mentions large war dogs from Central Asia that resembled black-tongued lions. One Chinese ruler was said to own 5,000 Chows. The Chinese also used Chows to pull <a href="Dog_sled" title="Dog sled">dog sleds</a> through swampy terrain, and this was remarked upon by <a href="Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilcox1999_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilcox1999-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 11">: 11 </span></sup>

</p><p>Today, the <a href="American_Kennel_Club" title="American Kennel Club">American Kennel Club</a> registers approximately 10,000 Chow Chows a year. The <a href="Canadian_Kennel_Club" title="Canadian Kennel Club">Canadian Kennel Club</a> registers approximately 350.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilcox1999_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilcox1999-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4–5">: 4–5 </span></sup>

</p>

<p>The English name <i>Chow Chow</i> is unlinked to any Chinese name such as the modern 鬆獅狗 (<i>song shi gou</i>, lit. "loose lion dog") for the same breed, and hence of uncertain origin - possible and folk etymologies refer to <a href="Pidgin_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Pidgin English">Pidgin English</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Appearance">Appearance</h2></div>

<p>The Chow Chow is a sturdily built dog, square in profile, with a broad skull and small, triangular, erect ears with rounded tips. The breed is known for a very dense <a href="Double_coat" class="mw-redirect" title="Double coat">double coat</a> that is either smooth or rough.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilcox1999_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilcox1999-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4–5">: 4–5 </span></sup> The fur is particularly thick in the neck area, giving it a distinctive <a href="Ruff_(clothing)" title="Ruff (clothing)">ruff</a> or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mane" class="extiw external" title="wikt:mane">mane</a> appearance. The coat may be shaded/self-red, black, blue, cinnamon/fawn, or cream.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilcox1999_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilcox1999-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4–5">: 4–5 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Colours_and_coat_types_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colours_and_coat_types-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

Not all these color varieties are recognized as valid in all countries. Individuals with patchy or multicolored coats are considered to be outside the breed standard.

Chow Chow eyes are typically deep set and almond shaped. The tongue is purple or blue-black; this color extends to the lips. The Chow Chow is the only dog breed with this distinctive bluish color in its lips and oral cavity; other dogs have black or a piebald pattern skin in their mouths.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilcox1999_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilcox1999-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hind legs are very straight, resulting in a rather stilted gait.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilcox1999_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilcox1999-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4–5">: 4–5 </span></sup> <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4–5">: 4–5 </span></sup> Another distinctive feature is the curly tail.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilcox1999_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilcox1999-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4–5">: 4–5 </span></sup> It has thick hair and lies curled on its back. The nose should be black, but blue-coated Chow Chow can have a solid blue or slate-colored nose. According to the American Kennel Club breed standards, any other tone is not acceptable for contests.<sup id="cite_ref-AKC_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AKC-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> FCI countries, however, do allow a self-colored nose in the cream.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The blue-black/purple tongue gene appears to be dominant, as most mixed breed dogs that come from a Chow Chow retain that tongue color. However, the blue-black/purple tongue can also be found on the <a href="Shar_Pei" title="Shar Pei">Shar Pei</a>. This is not to say that every mixed breed dog with spots of purple on the tongue is descended from Chow Chow, as purple spots on the tongue can be found on other <a href="Purebred_dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Purebred dog">purebred dogs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Temperament">Temperament</h2></div>

<p>Owning a Chow Chow can raise the cost of homeowners' insurance in the US because some companies consider them high-risk dogs.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a study in the <i>Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association</i>, Chow Chow were responsible for 8 out of 238 fatalities related to dog bites from 1979 to 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Colors">Colors</h2></div>

<p>Chow Chows can come in a variety of coat colors. The American Kennel Club (AKC) has classified Chow Chow colors as either standard or non-standard (rare colors). The standard colors for Chow Chows are black, blue, red, cream, and cinnamon. However, colors such as fawn, white, and merle are not considered standard for this breed.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>

Different canine clubs worldwide may acknowledge different coat colors or even use alternative names for the colors mentioned above.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed-hover">

<li class="gallerycaption">The different Chow Chow colors</li>

<div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 298px"><div class="gallerytext">5 Chow Chows of different coat colors</div>

</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 180px"><div class="gallerytext">Cream</div>

</div>

</li>

</div>

</li>

</div>

</li>

</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 151px"><div class="gallerytext">Black</div>

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</li>

</ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health">Health</h2></div>

<p>A UK study found the life expectancy of the Chow Chow to be 12.1 years, just higher than the 12 year average for <a href="Mongrel" title="Mongrel">crossbreeds</a> and lower than the 12.7 years average for purebreeds.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skeletal_conditions">Skeletal conditions</h3></div>

<p>A North American study looking at more than a million records of dogs found 6.44% of Chow Chow dogs to have <a href="Canine_hip_dysplasia" title="Canine hip dysplasia">hip dysplasia</a> compared with 3.52% overall. The study also found 4.3% of Chow Chow dogs to have cranial cruciate ligament deficiency compared to 2.52% overall.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Another North American study looking at more than 250,000 elbow scans found the Chow Chow to have the highest prevalence of <a href="Elbow_dysplasia" title="Elbow dysplasia">elbow dysplasia</a>, with 48.6% of dogs over the age of 2 having elbow dysplasia.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ophthalmological_conditions">Ophthalmological conditions</h3></div>

<p>A North American study looking at <a href="Glaucoma" title="Glaucoma">glaucoma</a> in dog breeds found the Chow Chow to have the third highest prevalence with 4.7% of Chow Chow dogs having glaucoma compared to 0.89% overall.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dermatological_conditions">Dermatological conditions</h3></div>

<p>A study looking at records from a small animal clinic at the <a href="University_of_Montreal" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Montreal">University of Montreal</a> found the Chow Chow to be predisposed to <a href="Alopecia_X" title="Alopecia X">alopecia X</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>A review of studies in Australia found the Chow Chow to be prediposed to <a href="Atopic_dermatitis" title="Atopic dermatitis">atopic dermatitis</a> with a 7.1 odds ratio.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>A US case study found a predisposition to <a href="Pemphigus_foliaceus" title="Pemphigus foliaceus">pemphigus foliaceus</a> with an odds ratio of 12.3.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>A breed specific mutation causing <a href="Tyrosinase" title="Tyrosinase">tyrosinase</a> deficiency which results in leukotrichia exists in the Chow Chow.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gastrointestinal_conditions">Gastrointestinal conditions</h3></div>

<p>A UK study looking at <a href="Exocrine_pancreatic_insufficiency" title="Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency">exocrine pancreatic insufficiency</a> in breeds found the Chow Chow to be predisposed to the condition.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neoplastic_conditions">Neoplastic conditions</h3></div>

<p>An Austrian case series found an odds ratio of 23.53 for contracting <a href="Stomach_cancer" title="Stomach cancer">stomach cancer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-chowchow_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chowchow-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>A US study looking at cases of oral <a href="Melanoma" title="Melanoma">melanoma</a> found the breed to be over-represented with an odds ratio of 7.89.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reproductive_conditions">Reproductive conditions</h3></div>

<p>In a Belgian study Chow Chow bitches made up 6.4% of cases of <a href="Pyometra" title="Pyometra">pyometra</a> despite the breed making up 1.6% of the population. Pyometra was found to be more extreme in the breed with <a href="Anaemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaemia">anaemia</a> and endotoxaemia reported.<sup id="cite_ref-chowchow_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chowchow-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_conditions">Other conditions</h3></div>

<p>The Chow Chow can suffer from <a href="Diabetes_mellitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus">diabetes mellitus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="Gastric_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastric cancer">gastric cancer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chow Chows are a high risk breed for <a href="Autoimmune_disease" title="Autoimmune disease">autoimmune disease</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="gallerytext">A Chow Chow with reddish coat</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">The Chow Chow's fur is particularly thick in the neck area, giving it a distinctive ruff or mane appearance.</div>

</li>

</ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_dogs">Notable dogs</h2></div>

<p><a href="Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a> had a Chow Chow named <a href="Jofi" title="Jofi">Jo-Fi Ling</a> who attended all of his therapy sessions because he felt that dogs had a special sense that allows them to judge a person's character accurately, and admitted he depended on Jo-Fi for an assessment of a patient's mental state.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

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<li><a href="List_of_dog_breeds" title="List of dog breeds">List of dog breeds</a></li>

<li><a href="Eurasier" title="Eurasier">Eurasier</a>, a dog-breed created through crossing Chow Chow, <a href="Wolfspitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolfspitz">Wolfspitz</a> and <a href="Samoyed_dog" title="Samoyed dog">Samoyed dog</a></li>

<li><a href="Tibetan_Mastiff" title="Tibetan Mastiff">Tibetan Mastiff</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFEnglar2019" class="citation book cs1">Englar, Ryane E. (July 3, 2019). "Changes in coat color". <i>Common Clinical Presentations in Dogs and Cats</i>. Wiley. p. 140. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781119414612">10.1002/9781119414612</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-119-41458-2</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBatchelorNobleCrippsTaylor2007" class="citation journal cs1">Batchelor, Daniel J.; Noble, Peter-John M.; Cripps, Peter J.; Taylor, Rebecca H.; McLean, Lynn; Leibl, Marion A.; German, AIexander J. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1939-1676.2007.tb02950.x">"Breed Associations for Canine Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency"</a>. <i>Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine</i>. <b>21</b> (2). Wiley: <span class="nowrap">207–</span>214. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1939-1676.2007.tb02950.x">10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.tb02950.x</a></span>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0891-6640">0891-6640</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-chowchow-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chowchow_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chowchow_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGoughThomasO'Neill2018" class="citation book cs1">Gough, Alex; Thomas, Alison; O'Neill, Dan (April 23, 2018). <i>Breed Predispositions to Disease in Dogs and Cats</i>. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. pp. <span class="nowrap">71–</span>72. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-119-22554-6</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRamos-VaraBeissenherzMillerJohnson2000" class="citation journal cs1">Ramos-Vara, J. A.; Beissenherz, M. E.; Miller, M. A.; Johnson, G. C.; Pace, L. W.; Fard, A.; Kottler, S. J. (2000). "Retrospective Study of 338 Canine Oral Melanomas with Clinical, Histologic, and Immunohistochemical Review of 129 Cases". <i>Veterinary Pathology</i>. <b>37</b> (6). SAGE Publications: <span class="nowrap">597–</span>608. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1354%2Fvp.37-6-597">10.1354/vp.37-6-597</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0300-9858">0300-9858</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11105949">11105949</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111002223949/http://www.akcchf.org/canine-health/your-dogs-health/disease-information/diabetes-mellitus.html">"Diabetes Mellitus"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.akcchf.org/canine-health/your-dogs-health/disease-information/diabetes-mellitus.html">the original</a> on October 2, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 2,</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111002224035/http://www.akcchf.org/research/funded-research/1093.html">"Positional Cloning of the Gene(s) for Gastric Cancer in the Chow Chow"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.akcchf.org/research/funded-research/1093.html">the original</a> on October 2, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 2,</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111002225050/http://www.akcchf.org/research/funded-research/0079.html">"Establishment of a Genetic Database for Disease Association Studies in the Major Histocompatibility complex for Purebred Dogs"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.akcchf.org/research/funded-research/0079.html">the original</a> on October 2, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 2,</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCoren1997" class="citation book cs1">Coren, Stanley (1997). <i>What Do Dogs Know?</i>. Free Press. p. 128.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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</style><div id="Dogs_originating_in_China_and_Taiwan52" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Dogs originating in China and Taiwan</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CEDFF2;">China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chongqing_dog" title="Chongqing dog">Chongqing Dog</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_Crested_Dog" title="Chinese Crested Dog">Chinese Crested Dog</a></li>

<li><a href="Kunming_dog" title="Kunming dog">Kunming dog</a></li>

<li><a href="Langqing_Quan" title="Langqing Quan">Langqing Quan</a></li>

<li><a href="Laizhou_Hong" title="Laizhou Hong">Laizhou Hong</a></li>

<li><a href="Liangshan_Dog" title="Liangshan Dog">Liangshan Dog</a></li>

<li><a href="Mojee" title="Mojee">Mojee</a></li>

<li><a href="Pekingese" title="Pekingese">Pekingese</a></li>

<li><a href="Tugou" title="Tugou">Tugou</a></li>

<li><a href="Xiasi_Dog" title="Xiasi Dog">Xiasi Dog</a></li>

<li><a href="Xigou" title="Xigou">Xigou</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CEDFF2;">Tibet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Lhasa_Apso" title="Lhasa Apso">Lhasa Apso</a></li>

<li><a href="Tibetan_Kyi_Apso" title="Tibetan Kyi Apso">Tibetan Kyi Apso</a></li>

<li><a href="Tibetan_Mastiff" title="Tibetan Mastiff">Tibetan Mastiff</a></li>

<li><a href="Tibetan_Spaniel" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan Spaniel">Tibetan Spaniel</a></li>

<li><a href="Tibetan_Terrier" title="Tibetan Terrier">Tibetan Terrier</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CEDFF2;">Taiwan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Taiwan_Dog" title="Taiwan Dog">Taiwan Dog</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spitz-type_dogs222" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#CEDFF2;;background:#CEDFF2;"><div id="Spitz-type_dogs222" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Spitz" title="Spitz">Spitz-type</a> dogs</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CEDFF2;;width:1%;background:#CEDFF2;"><a href="Sled_dogs" class="mw-redirect" title="Sled dogs">Sled dogs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alaskan_husky" title="Alaskan husky">Alaskan husky</a></li>

<li><a href="Alaskan_Malamute" title="Alaskan Malamute">Alaskan Malamute</a></li>

<li><a href="Canadian_Eskimo_Dog" title="Canadian Eskimo Dog">Canadian Eskimo Dog</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinook_(dog)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinook (dog)">Chinook</a></li>

<li><a href="Chukotka_sled_dog" title="Chukotka sled dog">Chukotka sled dog</a></li>

<li><a href="Eurohound" title="Eurohound">Eurohound</a></li>

<li><a href="Greenland_Dog" title="Greenland Dog">Greenland Dog</a></li>

<li><a href="Kamchatka_Sled_Dog" title="Kamchatka Sled Dog">Kamchatka Sled Dog</a></li>

<li><a href="Mackenzie_River_husky" title="Mackenzie River husky">Mackenzie River husky</a></li>

<li><a href="Samoyed_dog" title="Samoyed dog">Samoyed</a></li>

<li><a href="Siberian_Husky" title="Siberian Husky">Siberian Husky</a></li>

<li><a href="Yakutian_Laika" title="Yakutian Laika">Yakutian Laika</a></li>

<li><a href="Sakhalin_Husky" title="Sakhalin Husky">Sakhalin Husky</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CEDFF2;;width:1%;background:#CEDFF2;"><a href="Hunting_dogs" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunting dogs">Hunting dogs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Black_Norwegian_Elkhound" title="Black Norwegian Elkhound">Black Norwegian Elkhound</a></li>

<li><a href="East_Siberian_Laika" title="East Siberian Laika">East Siberian Laika</a></li>

<li><a href="Finnish_Spitz" title="Finnish Spitz">Finnish Spitz</a></li>

<li><a href="H%C3%A4llefors_Elkhound" title="Hällefors Elkhound">Hällefors Elkhound</a></li>

<li><a href="Hokkaido_(dog)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hokkaido (dog)">Hokkaido</a></li>

<li><a href="Korean_Jindo" title="Korean Jindo">Jindo</a></li>

<li><a href="Karelian_Bear_Dog" title="Karelian Bear Dog">Karelian Bear Dog</a></li>

<li><a href="Karelo-Finnish_Laika" title="Karelo-Finnish Laika">Karelo-Finnish Laika</a></li>

<li><a href="Kishu" title="Kishu">Kishu Ken</a></li>

<li><a href="Norrbottenspets" title="Norrbottenspets">Norrbottenspets</a></li>

<li><a href="Norwegian_Elkhound" title="Norwegian Elkhound">Norwegian Elkhound</a></li>

<li><a href="Norwegian_Lundehund" title="Norwegian Lundehund">Norwegian Lundehund</a></li>

<li><a href="Pungsan_dog" title="Pungsan dog">Pungsan dog</a></li>

<li><a href="Russo-European_Laika" title="Russo-European Laika">Russo-European Laika</a></li>

<li><a href="Shiba_Inu" title="Shiba Inu">Shiba Inu</a></li>

<li><a href="Shikoku_dog" title="Shikoku dog">Shikoku</a></li>

<li><a href="J%C3%A4mthund" title="Jämthund">Jämthund</a></li>

<li><a href="Taiwan_Dog" title="Taiwan Dog">Taiwan Dog</a></li>

<li><a href="West_Siberian_Laika" title="West Siberian Laika">West Siberian Laika</a></li>

<li><a href="Zerdava" title="Zerdava">Zerdava</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CEDFF2;;width:1%;background:#CEDFF2;"><a href="Herding_dogs" class="mw-redirect" title="Herding dogs">Herding dogs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cardigan_Welsh_Corgi" title="Cardigan Welsh Corgi">Cardigan Welsh Corgi</a></li>

<li><a href="Finnish_Lapphund" title="Finnish Lapphund">Finnish Lapphund</a></li>

<li><a href="Icelandic_Sheepdog" title="Icelandic Sheepdog">Icelandic Sheepdog</a></li>

<li><a href="Lapponian_Herder" title="Lapponian Herder">Lapponian Herder</a></li>

<li><a href="Nenets_Herding_Laika" title="Nenets Herding Laika">Nenets Herding Laika</a></li>

<li><a href="Norwegian_Buhund" title="Norwegian Buhund">Norwegian Buhund</a></li>

<li><a href="Pembroke_Welsh_Corgi" title="Pembroke Welsh Corgi">Pembroke Welsh Corgi</a></li>

<li><a href="Swedish_Lapphund" title="Swedish Lapphund">Swedish Lapphund</a></li>

<li><a href="Swedish_Vallhund" title="Swedish Vallhund">Swedish Vallhund</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CEDFF2;;width:1%;background:#CEDFF2;">Asian breeds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Akita_(dog)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akita (dog)">Akita</a></li>

<li><a href="Dikkulak" title="Dikkulak">Dikkulak</a></li>

<li><a href="Donggyeongi" title="Donggyeongi">Donggyeongi</a></li>

<li><a href="Hmong_bobtail_dog" title="Hmong bobtail dog">Hmong bobtail dog</a></li>

<li><a href="Indian_Spitz" title="Indian Spitz">Indian Spitz</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_Spitz" title="Japanese Spitz">Japanese Spitz</a></li>

<li><a href="Kintamani_dog" title="Kintamani dog">Kintamani dog</a></li>

<li><a href="Nureongi" title="Nureongi">Nureongi</a></li>

<li><a href="Ryukyu_dog" title="Ryukyu dog">Ryukyu dog</a></li>

<li><a href="Thai_Bangkaew_Dog" title="Thai Bangkaew Dog">Thai Bangkaew Dog</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CEDFF2;;width:1%;background:#CEDFF2;"><a href="Companion_dog" title="Companion dog">Companion dogs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alaskan_Klee_Kai" title="Alaskan Klee Kai">Alaskan Klee Kai</a></li>

<li><a href="American_Eskimo_Dog" title="American Eskimo Dog">American Eskimo Dog</a></li>

<li><a href="Danish_Spitz" title="Danish Spitz">Danish Spitz</a></li>

<li><a href="Eurasier" title="Eurasier">Eurasier</a></li>

<li><a href="German_Spitz" title="German Spitz">German Spitz</a>

<ul><li><a href="Keeshond" title="Keeshond">Keeshond</a> (Wolfspitz)</li>

<li><a href="Pomeranian_dog" title="Pomeranian dog">Pomeranian</a> (Zwergspitz)</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Northern_Inuit_Dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Inuit Dog">Northern Inuit Dog</a></li>

<li><a href="Schipperke" title="Schipperke">Schipperke</a></li>

<li><a href="Tonya_Finosu" title="Tonya Finosu">Tonya Finosu</a></li>

<li><a href="Volpino_Italiano" title="Volpino Italiano">Volpino Italiano</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CEDFF2;;width:1%;background:#CEDFF2;"><a href="List_of_extinct_dog_breeds" title="List of extinct dog breeds">Extinct breeds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Argentine_polar_dog" title="Argentine polar dog">Argentine polar dog</a></li>

<li>Guejae Gae</li>

<li><a href="Hare_Indian_Dog" title="Hare Indian Dog">Hare Indian Dog</a></li>

<li>Hütespitz</li>

<li><a href="Salish_Wool_Dog" title="Salish Wool Dog">Salish Wool Dog</a></li>

<li><a href="Tahltan_Bear_Dog" title="Tahltan Bear Dog">Tahltan Bear Dog</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#CEDFF2;"><div>

<dl><dd><b>Types:</b> <a href="Husky" title="Husky">Husky</a>, <a href="Laika_(dog_type)" title="Laika (dog type)">Laika</a>, <a href="Tugou" title="Tugou">Tugou</a></dd></dl>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29013#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1402" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29013#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1402" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85025000">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Chow-chow (race canine)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11949123s">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Chow-chow (race canine)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11949123s">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="čau-čau"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph499502&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007285594105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/a266cf9b-089a-4d0b-aaea-bd3e11e935e2">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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